Divisive, But Effectual: Reinstating the Draft Essay -- Military Histo

Ever since World War II, the last war that garnered full American support, the percentage of American citizens enrolling in the U.S. Army has diminished significantly. The U.S. is a major military power in the present world American soldiers are engaged in many multi-theater positions, then dispersing troops over various regions worldwide. As only one in ten citizens has served in the US Army, American knowledge of military conditions is rapidly fall along with the national harmony that complements such knowledge. Therefore, the comprehension that American security is closely associated with a formidable military never resonated within the greater fortune of modern American citizens. Although antiwar activists may decry compulsory conscription as unconstitutional, it needs to be reinstated in order to solidify the meaning of being an American citizen, boost the economy by providing jobs, and unify the American people with enhanced homeland security.Generally, reinstating the Const itutional draft would solidify the meaning of being an American citizen. Often, wealthier and to a greater extent privileged people are able to ask for exemption from serving, which makes representation of soldiers in combat composed of less-privileged citizens. With compulsory conscription, all American citizens, men or women, ages 18-26 are subject to be recruited for the armed forces. In fact, only 4 members of the 107th Congress who voted in favor of the Iraq war had children serving there. Politicians would know how it feels to have love ones in a war, instead of freely speaking about wartime without experiencing it in any way. 1 (206) Moreover, Americans feel that public support for war in outside countries is not strong because the soldiers fightin... ...CQ Researcher Outline, January 11, 1991. http//library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/cqresrre1991011100 (accessed March 19, 2012).Binding the Nation national Service in America. U.S. Army War College, 2008. http//www.carlisle.a rmy.mil/usawc/parameters/Articles/08winter/grigsby.pdf (accessed March 12, 2012).Learn about National Service. Americans for a National Service Act, . nationalserviceact.org (accessed March 19, 2012). Greenblatt, Alan. Upward Mobility. CQ Researcher, April 29, 2005. http//www.cqpress.com/product/Researcher-Upward-Mobility-v15-16.html (accessed March 14, 2012).Farrell, Brenda S. Military Personnel Evaluation Methods Linked to Anticipated Outcomes Needed to Inform Decisions on Army Recruitment Incentives. U.S. Government Accountability Office, September 19, 2008. http//www.gao.gov/products/GAO-08-1037R (accessed March 19, 2012).

Dyslexia Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Dyslexia Dyslexia is a neurological-based, specific learning disability, characterized by language use deficiencies, impairment in the ability to recognize and translate words into sentences. It is verbalise that a reading disability reflects a continuous deficit as inappropriate to an arrest in development and can occur in a person of any level of intelligence. Dyslexia can be related to hormonal or hereditary influences, or brain injury. One in five children are thought to have dyslexia and it is found to be more prevalent in males.(1) The difficulties caused by dyslexia do not accurately measure the sufferers intelligence. Geniuses of our time, such as Einstein, have been affected by the problems of automatic decoding of words and formation of accurate sentences. It is said that many dyslexics shine in the arts, creativity, design, computing and lateral thinking. (2) The etiological basis suggests that reading disorders stem from difficulties in phonological processing, i.e. th e brains inability to translate images from the eyes on the whole and correctly to the ears and mouth.(3) Symptoms of dyslexia range from reading and writing difficulties, to speech, direction, time, concentration, coordination, and even self-esteem issues. Other mental disorders are often found to be co-morbid, yet quiet down discriminate from dyslexia. Common are disorders such as attention deficit and depression, enhanced by the general feelings of helplessness and confusion of dyslexia..(4) Co-morbid problems tend to lessen once the separate seeks successful help with their dyslexia. There are thought to be various main factors within the brain that contribute to dyslexia. Two of those factors are linked an underutilized left(p) hemisphere and a central b... ...tive outlook, the individual is doomed not to improve. Nothing is concrete in the study of dyslexia, much research and education are still in need for a better understanding and treatment of this disorder. Internet Sources1)Barkley, Russel A. & Eric J.Mash. Child Psychopathology Guilford Press, NY, NY. 1996 (pg.418)2)http//www.dyslexia-inst.org.uk/what.htmtop3)Barkley, Russel A. & Eric J.Mash. Child Psychopathology Guilford Press, NY, NY. 1996 (pg.418)4)http//dyslexiaonline.com/information.html5)http//www.nimh.nih.gov/events/prleftdy.htm6)http//www.dyslexia.org7)http//www.dyslexiaonline.com/info_whatisdyslexia.html8)Carlson, Neil R. Physiology of Behavior. Allyn & Bacon, Mass. 1998 (pg. 507)9)http//www.medicinenet.com10)http//www.dyslexia.com11) http//www.nimh.nih.gov/healinfo/disorder/dyslexia/dyslexia.htm

The Ramist Logic of Edward Taylors Upon a Spider Catching a Fly Essay

The Ramist Logic of Edward Taylors Upon a Spider Catching a FlyLike other Puritanical writers of his generation, Edward Taylor looked to nature and utilized it as an example of a belief system that he had already deemed factual. The use Ramist logic here may seem irrational to many. The very essence of logic commands that we must number one look toward nature and then draw conclusions from it. In his work, Upon a Spider Catching a Fly, Taylor applies his doctrine in advance by development the interaction between an arachnid and a certain contrasting insect as an example of the Calvinistic theory of predestination the belief that ones fate cannot be influenced by ones works or earthly deeds. It is also part of his belief system, however, that a persons prosperity on the earthly plain could be a testament that that individual is already a member of the elect. Taylor interprets a natural situation with a personal hermeneutics with which he selectively reads situations that serve to enforce his beliefs.Upon introducing the central share of the spider in the first stanza, Taylor immediately questions the driving force that causes the spider to behave in the way it does. To spin a web out of thyself /To duck soup a Fly?/ For Why? Such a beginning immediately petitions the reader to question the nature of things. In the first line, Taylor refers to the spider as the deplorable elf in order to plant the idea that the spider is an evil entity. The spider then becomes representative of the Christian devil, Satan, who instinctively casts his web amidst any of the unhappy beings who would enter into his sphere. This devil image is further enforced in the seventh stanza when he refers to the predator as Hells spider. The spider ca... ...bility to do so, while the vanish has been created defenseless with no option but to fall victim to the spider. These two insects serve as a metaphor for the two differing castes of humans within the Calvinist school of thought. Th e wasp is representative of the elect those who are predestined to enter into the kingdom of heaven while the fly is representative of those who are doomed for damnation from the even out of their incarnation. Within the life of the wasp, it is evident that it surpasses the fly, just as the Calvinists believed that the elect were more successful in life than other humans. This idea of predestination did not come from the annotation of the trials and tribulations between two insects and an arachnid. It was just the opposite. The situation was sited only after it fulfilled the requirements to serving as an example of Taylors belief system.

The author uses symbolism that contributes to the success of the text E

The author affairs symbolisation that contributes to the success of the text is Lamb by Bernard Mac LavertyA romance in which the author uses symbolism that contributes to thesuccess of the text is Lamb by Bernard Mac Laverty. The author usesmany different symbols, including the pinball machine, fish, birds,lamb and many more, to genuinely effectively emphasise points he is tryingto make and hint at how the novel give end.One of the first symbols used in the novel by the author is the symbolof the bird. Brother Benedict is described comparable a bird alot. The lineBenedict sat waiting with a bird like tilt of the head, sharp,owl-like gives a very vivid description of Benedict. It gives thereader the impression that he is twitching like a bird, waiting on theright minute of arc to pounce, the words before he pecked continue thisidea. A chicken eying a seed is another line which continues theidea of looking at his mark, waiting on the right moment before hepounces. Birds also are made out to be nasty creatures who bringsadness and pain. The author refers to the depressing crab ofgulls, which means exactly what it says, that the noise made by thegulls are depressing.Another symbol which is used throughout the novel is the symbol of thepinball machine. His dread of the sword ball thumping hollowly intothe depths of the pinball machine, the inevitability of it despite thefrantic flicking of the small rubber wings unable to reach is a linewhich shows that no social function how hard you try in the end you will alwaysfail. Funnelled towards the act he had decided upon also shows thisinevitability, that even though he had chosen to knock down the boy for hisown good, there was no longer any other options, ... ...choice.The myth of Daedalus and Icarus turns out to be highly symbolic in thenovel. It is significant because in the myth Daedalus is responsiblefor his sons death while trying to save him from the captivity theking held them in, while in the novel M ichael is responsible forOwens death, and he is saving him from a life of deprivation andsuffering that he would live when they were finally found by thepolice.In conclusion, Bernard Mac Lavertys use of these symbols is veryeffective as it reveals alot about how the novel will end, byproviding hints to what is going to happen and the reasons for theevent. The way the author uses symbolism to hint at what will becomeis very effective as alot of it is not really noticeable until asecond read of the novel. All in all the authors use of symbolismcontributes highly to the success of the novel.

Women in the Cival War Essay -- essays research papers fc

Women in the Civil WarThe Civil War, which lasted for four long years, was a total war involving each aspect of society. During this time in genius of the bloodiest of wars, northern and southern women were as equally involved as their male counterparts, if not more. Because of this war, women were forced to abandon their tralatitious roles of the 19th century, and participate in the war attack. some(a) fearless women disguised themselves as young men, and took on the role of soldiers, in order of battle to show their patriotism. Some of the more cunning women freelanced as spies outside the government sphere, so that they could participate in the war. Others supported the war effort by taking on the roles of nurses who risked their lives on the battlefield however, most of them worked in hospitals located in the rear. No matter how big or small the role they played during the civil war, the significance of their effort and support broadened beliefs about the abilities of women and what they could achieve outside of the home. One of the more significant roles that women played during the civil war was that of a soldier. Both Union and Confederate armies forbade the snag of women, so those that wanted to enlist, crossed gender boundaries and disguised themselves as young men and assumed masculine names. This war was not only a objet darts fight, but it was also a womans fight. Female civil war soldiers, like the male soldiers, lived in camps, suffered in prisons and died for their respective causes. They were maimed prisoners of war, and killed in action. Going to war was strictly by choice and they were all aware of the risks involved. Many had never fired a rifle before lots less contained the understanding of the army way of life, but nevertheless, they still managed and some were very successful.It was estimated that 400 women rolled up their pants, bound their breasts, and cut their hair, in order to enlist with the fighting forces. Among those tha t joined the Confederate Army ranks was Mrs. Amy Clarke, who enlisted with her husband and continued service after he was killed at Shiloh. It was not until she was wounded a act time and captured by the Federal that Mrs. Amy Clarkes gender was detected. Female soldiers had plenty of guts they did not faint at the sight of blood, nor did they swoon in unbearably hot weather. They endured the same physical and... ...ty, NY Hanover House, 1954.The author of this harbour provided a plethora of biographies, techniques and accomplishments of women, who spied for the Union Army listing the most influential to the least.Markle, Donald C. Spies and Spymasters. New York Hippocrene Books, 1994.This book gave examples of female spies from both the Union and the Confederate Armies. These examples included the most significant women and the methods they used that are still practiced in espionage today. United States National putting green Service. Clara Barton Angel of the Battlefield. Hom e page on-line. Available from http//www.nps.gov/anti/clara.htm Internet accessed 30 July 03.This article provided a brief biography of Clara Barton, to include, her experiences on the battlefield as a nurse during the Civil War and a brief outline of her accomplishments after the war.Zeinert, Karen. Elizabeth Van Lew Southern Belle, Union Spy. New Jersey. Dillon Press, 1995.The author gave an intimate view of one of the most significant spies during the Civil War with a thorough background of Elizabeth Van Lew, not leaving out her adventures and hilarious techniques used.

Women in the Cival War Essay -- essays research papers fc

Women in the Civil WarThe Civil War, which lasted for four long years, was a total war involving every aspect of society. During this time in one of the bloodiest of wars, northern and southern women were as equally involved as their male counterparts, if not more. Because of this war, women were forced to free their traditional roles of the 19th century, and participate in the war effort. Some fearless women disguised themselves as young men, and took on the role of soldiers, in order to acquaint their patriotism. Some of the more cunning women freelanced as spies outside the government sphere, so that they could participate in the war. Others supported the war effort by taking on the roles of nurses who risked their lives on the battlefield however, most of them worked in hospitals located in the rear. No matter how big or small the role they played during the civil war, the meaning of their effort and support broadened beliefs about the abilities of women and what they could a chieve outside of the home. One of the more significant roles that women played during the civil war was that of a soldier. Both Union and attendant armies forbade the enlistment of women, so those that wanted to enlist, crossed gender boundaries and disguised themselves as young men and assumed masculine names. This war was not only a mans fight, but it was also a womans fight. Female civil war soldiers, like the male soldiers, lived in camps, suffered in prisons and died for their single causes. They were wounded prisoners of war, and killed in action. Going to war was strictly by choice and they were all aware of the risks involved. Many had never fired a rifle before much less contained the understanding of the army way of life, but nevertheless, they still managed and some were very successful.It was estimated that 400 women rolled up their pants, bound their breasts, and cut their hair, in order to enlist with the fighting forces. Among those that joined the Confederate Arm y ranks was Mrs. Amy Clarke, who enlisted with her husband and continued service after he was killed at Shiloh. It was not until she was wounded a second time and captured by the Federal that Mrs. Amy Clarkes gender was detected. Female soldiers had plenty of guts they did not faint at the sight of blood, nor did they die in unbearably hot weather. They endured the same physical and... ...ty, NY Hanover House, 1954.The author of this book provided a plethora of biographies, techniques and accomplishments of women, who spied for the Union Army listing the most influential to the least.Markle, Donald C. Spies and Spymasters. saucy York Hippocrene Books, 1994.This book gave examples of female spies from both the Union and the Confederate Armies. These examples included the most significant women and the methods they used that are still practiced in espionage today. United States field Park Service. Clara Barton Angel of the Battlefield. Home page on-line. Available from http//www .nps.gov/anti/clara.htm Internet accessed 30 July 03.This article provided a brief biography of Clara Barton, to include, her experiences on the battlefield as a nurse during the Civil War and a brief outline of her accomplishments after the war.Zeinert, Karen. Elizabeth Van Lew Southern Belle, Union Spy. New Jersey. Dillon Press, 1995.The author gave an intimate see of one of the most significant spies during the Civil War with a thorough background of Elizabeth Van Lew, not leaving out her adventures and hilarious techniques used.

A Student’s Life in “Challenging The Traditional Classroom”

Education is a wonderful asset to any peerless. With a smashing one the sky is the limit, and without one opportunity may never come knocking. In todays society, so much emphasis is put on education. How many times have we heard the saying if you get a good education, youll get a good job and make a lot of money? Even today, my parents remind me of how much a college degree would add to my marketability. further when does it become too much? Is it possible that one could overlook the more important values in life in search to become a learned man?In Ric problematical Rodriguezs story Challenging The Traditional Classroom he examines his life as a student, and the affects his learning has towards his attitude closely family and heritage. Rodriguez is without a doubt a very talented student. His ability to learn is enviable. Many times I would wish that I were able to get into my academics as much as he was into his. For example, while in high school, my English class was reading se veral plays by Shakespeare.With all the difficult words and hard to follow story lines, it would have been extremely helpful to have been able to go through the plays resultingly, and with enthusiasm. Instead, I read it because I had to, for fear of getting a bad grade. On the contrary, Rodriguez very enjoyed schoolwork. He tells us, . any book they (teachers) told me to read, I read then waited for them to tell me which books I enjoyed. Their every casual opinion I came to adopt and to trumpet when I returned home .He approached academics with an eagerness that left everything else behind, including his family and culture. As Rodriguez became more involved with his academics he drifted further away from his family. The intimacy one time shared between them was disappearing. He takes his first step toward academic success, away from his family. . His family too understood the importance of education, as his siblings did well in school, but were never so anxious about their schoo ling. Upon making sure that her children learned English, Rodriguezs mother would tell them to maintain their Spanish.This was obviously a hint to the children to recommend their culture. While soaking in all his academics, Rodriguez intentionally abandons his culture. He makes it obvious that he wants nothing to do with his heritage by imitating the accents and diction of his teachers. He also doesnt participate in family gatherings, which is evident when he tells us, Nights when relatives visited and the front rooms were warmed by Spanish sounds, I slipped quietly out of the house. Rodriguez actually uses his academics to move further away from his culture.He believes that being educated in academics will truly make him successful, and like his teachers. Its sad to think that one could put so much focus on education, and not see the importance of family and heritage. These two things are what make us who we are, and despite what we go through, they will remain unchanged (in most cases). Rodriguez learns this lesson first hand when he realizes the error in his ways. He goes back to his family and heritage, who end up still providing the love and shame that has been, and always will be there.

Detailed CT

COST TABLES (CT) this is a cost management tool drug abused to equivalence between different providers and their costs and an organizations crossroadion cost with that of an external organisation. (Yoshikaw, Innes and Mitchell, 1990) gave an depth psychology of the uses and diversity of CT. CT could be summarized or detailed.The detailed CT are make by advance Technology, analysing and comparing the what ifs. The outcome of the analysis concludes a make or buy decision. This takes place within the VSC (the powerhouse for decision making in the chain to alter it access cost of suppliers).COST SPLIT-UP (CSU) This can also be referred to as cost analysis. Organizations making use of CSU build trust within themselves (the configurator and the partners). This model enables the supplier to make cost calculations found on the buyers specification. The buyer gets insight into the breakdown of the cost at each stage of activity. In reference to (Bromwich, 1989), cost analysis is an ess ential component of SMA and IOMA. CSU is used more by organizations already implementing Porters 1985 low cost strategy.STRATEGIC COSTING (SC) AND VALUE CHAIN COSTING (VCC) According to prow and Govindarajan, (Guilding, Gravens and Tayles, 2000) is used to ascertain how strategically attractive an organization stands in the future. Strategic and market information are the main source of data to be analyzed. The use of Value Chain Costing is for the back- up activities (design R&D, HRM) and core activities (logistics, production, market and services) are attached a cost.STRATEGIC PRICING (SP) Referencing (Guilding, Cravens and Tayles, 2000), the initiators of SP, determiners like opinions on competitors damages and price elasticity, market growth economy of scale and experience are all appraised. This model is connected to markets and revenue.TARGET COST (TC) according to (Ellram, 2002) in (Miguel, Martinez and Ramos, 2004), TC should entangle the production and procurement expenses incurred in a product or service. This cost can be broken down into cost of production, operating cost (marketing, gross sales RD) and purchases cost. TC has three main points of focus estimation of selling/service price based on the product attribute, calculation of TC based on targeted profit and establishing a previous TC.VALUE ANALYSIS (VA) this has to do with the customer and customer value. This process describes the transformation of cost to revenue, reflecting what the customer is willing to chip in for a value. According to (Ellram, 1996), organizations need not acquire cost for values a customer does not crave for. (CIMA, 1996, p.34) An evaluation of determinants influencing the cost of a product with a mindset of creating valve at a minimum cost with focus on reliability and quality as features.

Consumer Questionnaire for Soft Drinks Essay

1.What is your monthly budget for consumption of drinks?Ans- Around Rs 300.2 .Are you satisfied with the drinks lendable to you in the market? Ans- Yes, although different flavours would be appreciated, along with aerated fruit drinks.3.Do you find the price range of these drinks to be appropriate?what is yan approximation of an ideal prioce? Ans- not really. As it exceeds the budget if you generally eat out more(prenominal) than twice a week as is the case with most people. Rs 15 for 200 ml4.Are you willing to make changes to your existing choice of product?what would u like to see in a drink? Ans- Yes, if a new product with my requirements is available. slight sugar , less preservatives natural, no preservatives colour calories etc5.What more do you expect from your drink manufacturer that can help you to derive maximum satisfaction? Ans-Healthier drinks atomic number 18 more appreciated as opposed to sugar filled carbonated drinks. Also the pricing can be changed to make it be tter for consumers to buy on a regular basis.QUESTIONNAIRE FOR RETAILERS- MORE MANAGER, SADAKAT PEERZADE1.What is your approximate profits from the sale of Soft drinks per month? Ans- turnover Around 1-2 lakhs, about 2-3 % .2.Are you willing to take up promotional activities for a new range of products in this line? What kind? Ans- yes if the product is up to the standards we require and we get some incentives. 3.What is the feedback received from the consumers regarding the available products? Ans- Customers wanted more healthy options, drinks with less sugar, the most popular being Real fruit juices.4.Do the existing manufacturer provide you assistance for the marketing oftheir products? Ans-Yes such as discounts on products and special offers offering extra quantity at the same price. Coupon booklets are also used along with leaflets.5.Do you suggest any changes in the marketing/Distribution system which can help to save cost? Ans- Providing more coolers and other storage facili ties for stock to ensure better distribution. Also better packaging, nimble deliveries so extra stock need not be kept. Free samples.

Public Health Care Service In Cameroon Essay

Social serve consist of goods that be part of major resource bases that must(prenominal) be managed effectively in come in to fulfill the ongoing development need of the country. The overt wellness sell system (PHCS) is one of the resource bases that directly benefits from politics budget eitherocation. Throughout Cameroon, researchers observe major differences and unequal sh argon scattering in the entrance money and utilization of the state-supported wellness run.These incongruities become distinct when examining the distribution of wellness infrastructures and wellness workers throughout Cameroon. A closer analysis shows that the organizational imbalance of frequent wellness establishments, along with in confiscate internal and remote administrative politics ( pecuniary weaknesses and in passable governance) in the counseling of PHCS ar the most significant obstacles affecting the effectiveness of the wellness staff, the efficiency of the PHCS and the equity of public wellness services pitching in Cameroon.Human Resource DistributionFirst, the number of wellness treat workers across the country is significantly inadequate with approximately 1 doc made available for about 10,000 inhabitants, comp atomic number 18d to 1 for every 3,000 as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Furthermore, it has been reported that in that location is about 1 confine for every 2,250 individuals, compared to 1 for every 1,000 as recommended by the WHO. defer 2-1 shows the statistical trend in the number of physicians, nurses, midwives, dentists and other health burster providers from 1980 to 2005, as well(p) as the increase in the number of pharmacies. Even though the numbers that are displayed in this table seem large, and bearing in mind that the universe of discourse has been steadily increasing since 1980, at that place is a discrepancy among the number of providers working in the health deal industry and the number of people nutrition in Cameroon. Indeed, in 2001 the human resource deficit in the PHCS has been estimated to total approximately 9,000 persons.In addition to the deficient number of health burster workers, there is unequal distribution of health staffs throughout the country with wide distribution disparities between urban and cracker-barrel areas, which point to obvious disparities in access to care between poor and non-poor. Studies show that while the ratio of health personnel stands at 1 for 400 people in urban areas, their ratio of health personnel decreases ten come together, and is pegged at 1 for 4000 people in rural areas, requiring rural residents to operate long distances to find the necessary checkup care. Such imbalance between health workers and the population requiring the health services raises concerns about the effectiveness of the health providers, since it is likely that their competence would be diminished due to the heavy load of patients they must care for. Becaus e PHCS facilities are selectively located, there arise chores of equity in access.Equipment and Facilities DistributionThe distribution of equipment and facilities resources also indicates that the PHCS is poorly equipped to provide adequate health services to meet the needs of the population. The physical resources buildings, equipment, and supplies make been woefully deteriorating for some time. Most of the infrastructure and the equipment of the PHCS are outdated. Facilities are unevenly distributed among provinces, as well as between urban and rural areas. sidestep 2-2 shows that there is 1 health focus on for 8,500 people, 1 hospital bed for 770 people, and 1 health facility per 85,000 people, which is all told the way in fitted to meet the medical needs of the population, and at the same time, provide appropriate medical care.Though the total number of health centers has increase twofold rising from 1,893 health centers in 1990 to 2,144 health centers in 1996, the ineq uitable distribution creates issues of disproportionate access to health services. Therefore, though there might be sufficient facilities for providing primary care for the countrys population, the problem of uneven geographicalal distribution of health care facilities and the lack of trained medical personnel in far areas, are incongruent and hold on unresolved. Health lords and trained support staffs, valuable and indispensable assets of any health care system, are crucially unparalleled in the Cameroonian PHCS. Health professionals need to be trained and motivated to perform at optimal levels however, in Cameroon, there are no incentives to come on competent health workers to stay in the public sector or provide good fibre services in the public facilities. Those health workers who remain and work in the public health sector cast been primarily assigned to urban public facilities due to their general reluctance to relocate to remote areas of the country.Consequently, ther e exists an oversupply of subordinate health providers with an attendant oversupply of infrastructure in mostly urban areas whereas, there is an undersupply of qualified staff with the attendant undersupply of adequate infrastructures in primarily rural areas. Hence, the shortage and uneven distribution of trained health workers nationwide as well as the insufficient and disparate distribution of health facilities promote overcrowding of umteen public health facilities. Taken together, these prevailing conditions limit the effectiveness of health care workers, and contribute to underutilization of facilities in other areas, all resulting in inefficiency of the PHCS. The disparities of health services across the country can be noted in Table 2-2.Inadequate Governance and Lack of Funding away from the decrepit health facilities, the accompanying technical support centers are also quite outdated with inept and corrupt bureaucratic administrations. Routine procedures that should norma lly be completed within a matter of hours can take several days to be resolved. Such ineptitude points to a lack of administrative sort and an ingrained culture of corruption in the public healthcare system. From administrative procedures to medical procedures, patients especially the poor have to bribe the personnel in order to obtain medical service delivery or they have to be prepared to undergo several trips to the healthcare institution just to call for appropriate medical care. Furthermore, there is no proper management accounting system in public health facilities, breeding issues of inadequate management. Earned income from performed services are not all reported and when they are it remains quite unclear which constitutes correspond to which services. A number of conflicting phenomena that retard effective development of PHCS have yet to be resolved or corrected. The conflict of interest and the agency problems arising when publicly employed physicians also manage publ ic health facilities seems not to be a major concern of the MOPH. Physicians employed to serve public facilities may tend to divert patients to their own semiprivate clinics or they lack the necessary rigorousness and ethics in the delivery of medical care. There is therefore a clear shortage of competent and skilled healthcare managers and a lack of management leadership electrical capacity resulting in extensive internal administrative weaknesses. The lack of strategic planning in the conception and the implementation of health projects and programs also contributes to the nonstarter of initiated health projects. Managers at public facilities, mainly possessing all basic medical background, lack the vision, the leadership capacity and the management discipline required for the function of healthcare manager. They approve projects presented to them, for example, found on subjective (highest under the table kickback) rather than objective (impact on population health status an d improvement in tonus of life) considerations.They do not have competent support staff to assist them in performing business strategic evaluation, which is necessary before engaging in any project. Such preparatory analysis would include environmental scanning, strategy formulation, strategy implementation and evaluation and control of operations. Thus, the lack of strategic management capacity and the inability to learn from past mistakes and others experiences favor wastage of precious resources and promote inadequate governance of the PHCS. Significantly, the PHCS is clearly under financed. Health care organizations must generate immediate payment flow, acquire assets, and put those assets to work, just as manu positionuring and banking organizations do. Though the public budget allocated to PHCS has more than doubled in the last couple of yrs, going from CFAF 24,048 billion or 2.16% of the national budget in 1997 to CFAF 120,844 billion or 7.82% of the national budget in 200 5 (Table 2-3), it is important to note that such growth coincided with the implementation of several scotch reforms and the approval of loans from the World bank (WB). more(prenominal)over, a significant amount of the monies available were heavily invested in the restructuring of some health facilities, the building of roads to increase access to care and the training of health workers.But despite the increases in government funding, the financial allocations are indeed meager considering the ongoing needs of the growing population. For instance, the geomorphologic renovations performed were certainly not sufficient to insure quality of care delivery nor were they enough to ensure increased use of health services. Furthermore, primary health care centers and district hospitals, even those with trained staffs, lack adequate technology to diagnose many infectious diseases, and they regularly run out of medical supplies and pharmaceutical drugs. outdoor(a) contribution to the financi ng of health care in government budget has increased also, rising from 26.53% of the total health investment in 1997 to 32.10% in the year 2000, as shown in Table 1-3. However, the management of such funds is troubling to the degree that in most cases health facilities do not receive the come out of the monies from foreign financial benefactors.Internal organizational structures plagued with heavy bureaucratic barriers and heavy corruptive practices prevent the proper and fast disbursement of the external fund contributions, fosterage issues once again of internal dysfunctional organizational structure and inadequate governance. The lack of rigorous and transparent handling of funds leaves severe deficiencies in financial accountability and encourages false reporting and embezzlement of health funds. In addition, the MOPH has not been able to allocate monies equitably across the territory based upon the consideration of the geographic spread and economic need of the total populati on. Instead of using the donated funds for the revival of essential programs such as health prevention campaigns, immunisation campaigns, culture campaigns, and targeting services most frequently used by the poor, about 60% of government health expenditure is devoted to urban health facilities serving only about 20% of the population. Such preferential allocations create an issue of inequality in access and utilization of care. Moreover, categorys are then obligated to assign bigger shares of their budgets for health expenditure. Meanwhile, the poverty rate has been steadily increasing nationwide. Another factor causing the low financing of PHCS is the practice of either wrongful or foolish disbursement of funds in the sense of not considering future development and advancement. Most funds earmarked for health care development are sunk into mathematical product costs (maintenance of major equipment, payment of salaries, replenishing of inventories, and so forth) with nothing sub stantial left for infrastructural developments and quality improvements in delivery care.Foreign Aid and Healthcare ExpenditureEssentially, external institutions have dictated a number of economic constraints on national budgetary decisions. Cameroon is one of those countries subscribed to the WB/IMF structural adjustment program (SAP) which oblige drastic cuts in the national budget for health which went from 120 billion CFAF or 3.3% of the total GDP in 2002 to 58 billion CFAF or 1% of the GDP in 2005. The SAP policies required already indebted countries to (1) shift from production of domestic consumption diet to producing cash crops for export (2) abolish food and agricultural subsidies to reduce government expenditure (3) severely cut health, education, and housing program funding and reduce salaries and (4) devaluate the currencies and privatize government-held enterprises. The reform designed to energise the economy exerted adverse effects instead on the economy of borrowin g countries like Cameroon.In reality, the World Bank imposed harsh measures, which exacerbated poverty, undermined food security and effrontery and led to resource exploitation, environmental destruction and population displacement. The health sector was particularly adversely affected, and few proactive steps were taken to protect vulnerable populations and ensure ongoing availability of basic services.Following the expenditure cuts, especially in the national budget for public health, the following conditions occurred (1) the integrated health centers anomic qualified personnel and a shortage of basic health fabrics ensued (2) the training of health workers was interrupted, which in turn affected the motivation level of doctors and health workers (3) there was a shortage of medical supplies, a breakdown of transportation and problems of inadequate management and (4) medical consultations and hospitalization declined despite the increases in acute infectious diseases. More gener ally, the quality of care delivery in public facilities declined and studies showed that more patients sought care in private institutions despite their higher costs. In addition to all the obstacles of an already struggling PHCS, the combined effects of infectious disease epidemics of tuberculosis, malaria, and HIV/AIDS, further strained the public health sector beyond its limits. The failure of the public health system to provide appropriate medical care for individuals who had contracted these diseases large segments of the population led the latter to choose more expensive private medical services.Consequently, as shown in Table 2-4, the household budget for health expenditure skyrocketed and rose from 4% in 1983/84 to 9.6% in 1995/96 resulting in a household using up on health from $14 to $20.6 per capita. The increase is mainly due to elevated out-of-pocket payments charged for private medical services, raising the issue of inequality once again in the use of care. The WHO h as estimated that the cost of a basic package of health care delivered to 90% of the population in a low-income country like Cameroon would be a $13 per capita (table 2-5). However, a further analysis of the region matrix in table 2-5 and the distribution of household per capita health expenditures by population decile (which is a partial source to income group matrix) in table 2-6 reveals even more drastic inequalities in the distribution of health expenditure across income groups and between urban and rural regions. Thus, in 1998, the per capita household expenditure for health by the poorest 10% of the population was only $5.4 while for the richest 10% it was $90.4. This translates in the utilization of private health services more effective delivery by the part of the population with higher income and the utilization of public facilities little effective delivery by the poorest portion of the population. The wide middle class will seek medical care from public, private or tradit ional providers based upon their current financial means.The table 2-5 high cleareds the wide inequalities in the distribution of health expenditures between urban and rural areas (and to a lesser extent among rural areas). In Douala and Yaounde (the two largest towns holding about 40% of the population) the capita health expenditures were $51.9 and $46.1 respectively compared to $18.5 and $18.9 in the rural plateau and rural savanna. Such imbalances are due to the fact that households have higher incomes in urban areas, government spending is higher in urban areas and enterprises, both public and private, are concentrated in urban towns. An evaluation of the performance of the PHCS reveals, therefore, that the principal elements and characteristics of successful health systems including accessibility to facilities, appropriateness of medical treatments, effectiveness in access of care, efficiency in delivery of care and equity in use of care, are all seriously lacking in the Camero onian PHCS.Effectiveness Public Health Care System implementationIn Cameroon, public health facilities perform below expectations due to organizational, managerial and financial issues. This below average performance results in reduced effectiveness of public healthcare providers, inefficiency of the PHCS and unequal access to health services by a large portion of the population who needs it the most. Budgetary cut backs have also led to a moratorium on the construction and equipping of health facilities, a freeze on the recruiting of public health employees, and a shortage of sufficient qualified personnel. In addition, the distribution of health workers across the country is inappropriate due to discrepancies in regional distribution of health facilities. In a major way, salaries have been slashed with the attendant consequences of the lack of motivation and lower performance (low morale) among health personnel. As a result overall, the main quality indicators have deteriorated i n the light of WHO standards. The per capita ratio of physicians, nurses, hospital beds, health centers and pharmacies shown in Table 1-1 indicate major discrepancies in the distribution of health resources across the territory. Human resource planning is to be revised and working conditions are to be ameliorated in order to attract more care providers in the public sector, increase productivity and effectiveness of the PHCS. non only is there a shortage of human resource personnel, but there are also supply management deficits. Inventories are not kept accurately, so doctors and nurses can ease themselves to medications directly on shelves, and supply depends on availability of resources rather than based on any demand assessment. This means that inventories and supplies are replenished whenever funds permit. Moreover, supplies are not equally distributed among health facilities. Urban health facilities tend to receive more stock and resources than rural or remote health facilit ies, but medication and medical materials are in more grave demand in these latter areas. In some rural facilities, syringes and surgical material such as gloves and bedding are re-used.Some facilities even lack beds for patient and the laboratory material to perform blood or other tests. Thus, equipment that are needed for the care of ill patients are regularly in excessive quantities compared to other areas, and are lacking in other areas or where there are none at all. All these factors engendered by internal and external mismanagement at both the financial and the organizational levels affect the rate of use of public health services, and, ultimately undermine and negate the efficiency and the effectiveness of the PHCS.Efficiency Utilization of Public Health FacilitiesSeveral constraints have arisen during the last decade, which led to a significant decrease in the utilization of the public health care system. The government suspended recruiting and training of health care perso nnel because of lack of funding. Table 2-1 shows that there are fewer than 20,000 health care workers for a population of almost 17,000, 000 people. The prevailing (accepted) corruption in public health facilities is manifested through the watching of health personnel offering health care services which are normally free in exchange for financial favors. In Cameroon, though many medical services such as vaccination and delivery of essential drugs, are supposed to be free of charge, more often than not, personnel charge patients with nominal fees for these services. Moreover, the culture of clientelism is deeply rooted in the PHCS.Notably, medical services afforded to patients are prioritized not based on the severity of patients illnesses, but rather on the level of rapport between the health staff and the patients or the amount of money the patients have at their disposal to be used to bribe the health staff. Health managers and health providers in the concerned facilities do not r egularly investigate or follow up patients complaints simply because they belong to the same professional pool as those personnel who exploit the patients and accept bribes for routine medical care. Moreover, the lack of incentives from the MOPH to reinforce the delivery of free services and the fact that MOPH authorities are responsible for nominating those health managers, all factors which serve to undermine the effectiveness of any civil action against the malpractices observed in public health facilities. In essence, as an intern in the Hospital La Quintinie in Douala in 2000, this researcher witnessed instances when patients bribed health personnel to receive health services they had already paid for at the cash register. This researcher also saw bodies being dumped in the front yard of the hospital and remaining there for hours before being dispatched to the morgue. In another(prenominal) instance, this researcher was informed of an individual who had sued a physician for neg ligence.The doctor had received a telephone call late at night relating to the difficult delivery of one of his patients however, the doctor had asked the nurse to deal with the issue and turned off his cell phone, which resulted in the death of the patient. However, the case was dismissed and the physician, who did not even receive a temporary suspension or a reprimand, is still working at that facility. Also, seriously ill patients are still left unattended in waiting areas for extended hours. This situation fosters long lines and extensive waiting generation, altogether discouraging many patients from seeking medical care in public health facilities.The efficiency of the public health system can be judged by the utilization of the services by the people for whom they are intended. According to the North tungsten province records, during 1989 and 1995, there were 173,450 consultations in religious missions facilities versus 129,569 at government health centers in the northwest r egion. In other words, there is a two fold increase in the utilization of nonprofit facilities. That data attest to the low utilization of public health care services and implies that the quality of health services delivered is inferior in the public sector and, therefore, less sought. The evidence from the northwest province suggests a steady decline in health care grooming by public facilities.The share of the government in both health centers and hospital consultations fell from 72.9% in 1989 to 50.1% in 1995 while the share of mission consultations increased from 25.5% to 47% and the private sectors from 1.6% to 2.9%. The bed occupancy rate in hospitals fell from 45% in 1985 to 23% in 1996. Therefore, it becomes apparent that many patients clearly present preference for health services offered by nonprofit organizations and for profit establishments instead of those offered in the public sector. Such utilization factors underscore the failure of the PHCS in providing competen t health services. In fact, the poor, for whom public services are primarily intended, incur overall financial losses when using public health facilities. First, they must travel long distances to receive uncertain and inconsistent medical attention. Second, added to the time wasted on the road to reach health centers, they have to wait long hours to receive inadequate and inappropriate care or no care at all. The opportunity cost in terms of income loss and hours of labor is high compared to the quality of life improvement they might have gained. This prevents many low-income patients from utilizing public health facilities unless their diseases are in a well-advanced state and require immediate attention. According to the 1995 household-survey, 14.8% of health providers were traditional healers, 43.8% of consultations took place in public facilities, and 56.2% took place in private facilities though 50% more expensive. There is a clear decrease in the utilization of public health facilities over private health clinics. The decaying public health care buildings, major components of the health care infrastructure, and the lack of competent health workers actually send negative messages to patients who, therefore, prefer to obtain appropriate care at higher costs at private institutions for those who can afford it. Table 2-7 further illustrates the low level of government health spending relative to private spending and household spending. There is a grave degeneration of medical ethics in several public health facilities. Often, under qualified health workers perform specialized services they have not been trained for. In some hospitals, nurses are performing surgeries, delivering anesthesia and prescribing medicines. In other health facilities, the record of services provided is inaccurate and patients files are non-existent. The overall number of health care personnel in public health care facilities has decreased against a background of a growing population , resulting in a gap between the health services demand and the supply in the whole territory and an underutilization of public medical services. Underutilization promotes wastage in health care resources and inefficiency (low utilization) while favoring the development of over-crowding in other health units, which in itself prevents proper and adequate delivery of healthcare to patients. Moreover, the vast regional imbalances between the distribution of health care facilities and health care workers exacerbate the problem of underutilization of public health care facilities.Equity Health Disparities Across the NationThere are significant differences in the state of health and the access to care between the poor and low-income households and the non-poor, as well as between urban and rural inhabitants. Most people turn to formal health services in cases of illness. Among those who have declared themselves ill in 2001, 3/4 was able to seek consultation at a formal health centers, ver sus 1/4 in informal facilities. Formal health centers are more frequently visited by the non-poor and informal facilities by the poor. It appears that non-poor seek medical help more often than the poor maybe due to superior financial capacity. Another indicator of discrepancy between poor, non-poor, rural and urban residents is the vaccination rate. Thus, the immunization rate for non-poor children is better than that for poor children and children are better protected in cities than in rural areas. Table 2-5 reports inequality in the rate of consultation in formal and informal facilities between poor and non-poor in rural and urban areas. From that table, it appears that both income groups allocate similar budgets for health expenditure.However, the average health expenditure among the rural and poor residents is three times less than that of non-poor and urban dwellers. Thus, lower spending for health care services is reflected in the lower consultation rate of non-poor which is indicatory of their health status. Thus, the infant (12 to 23 months) immunization rate for poor in rural areas was 66.9% and 53.1% for poor in urban areas while it was 89.5 for non-poor in rural areas and 70.2% for non-poor in urban areas. Finally, the non-poor have to travel slightly lower distances to receive medical care than the poor which in turn increases their access to health services. According to regional health map data, 54% of people live less than five kilometers from an integrated health center.This average figure, however, conceals wide regional disparities, ranging from 43% of people documentation less than five kilometers from an integrated health center in the province of Adamaoua to 78% of people living less than five kilometers from an integrated health center in the Littoral province. Moreover, the household survey statement notes that rural people must travel five times farther than urban dwellers to reach the close health facility. Even more striking, 98.9 % of the people who must travel 6 km to a health facility live in the countryside, indicating the serious problem of rural access to appropriate health care services. Table 2-5 shows the division of health spending in urban areas (Douala, Yaounde, and other towns) and in rural areas. From this table, it is obvious that urban dwellers spend more on health care than rural dwellers mainly due to higher income since households in cities spend on average $34 on health care versus $16.7 on average on health care, which is about half of what urban dwellers spend on healthcare. Though government spending seems to be significantly higher in comparison to direct foreign aid and religious mission share of health spending, it must be emphasise that an increasing share of MOPH budget is financed through foreign financial donations (Table 1-3). Table 2-8 is a perfect illustration of the lack of equity in the distribution of health services (whether in formal or informal facilities) among the dif ferent population groups in Cameroon. From Table 2-8, it appears that annual average health spending per capita is three times higher in urban than in rural areas (39,00 CFAF vs. 13, 000 CFAF) and four times higher among the non-poor than it is among the poor (32,000 CFAF Vs 6,900 CFAF). Yet the cost of health services rose approximately three times as fast as the average inflation rate over the last five years by some 70% (13,000 CFAF to 22,00 CFAF), which led to a considerable decrease in the demand for health services, especially for the poor whose utilization of health services declined.ReferencesAdamolekun, L. (Ed.). (1999). Public Administration in Africa Main Issues and Selected Country Studies. Boulder, CO Westview Press. McKinney, J. B., & Howard, L. C. (1998). Public Administration Balancing Power and Accountability (2nd ed.). Westport, CT Praeger Publishers. Vine, V. T. (1971). The Cameroon Federal Republic. Ithaca, NY Cornell University Press.

My worse day ever

My worst day ever was the day my brother fell out the window, and roughly died. My brothers name is All. He was born on January 9, 2004 and Is the fourth pip-squeak in our family. He was eight-spot and a half years of old. It all happened on Tuesday family line 11, 2012. My day began Like any other day not knowing what was hidden for me, I thought that this was going to be a great day. I had no Idea that my brother was going to fall from the second floor window and almost die. In this essay I will be inform you about how my day began, to how he fell and what happened at the end. I went to school like always and came home.When I arrived home we were told that guests might come over, so I cleaned the house and got dressed. After we completed cleaning we had our dinner. During the meal the children had made quite a mess under the table so I went up steps to childs play the vacuum. My room was next to the room where all the boys slept. There were five boys that slept in that room s ince we lived with our cousins. It was impossible to have beds so they had five mattresses on the floor provided because we had to vacuum we put three against single wall and parallel to that wall and put the other two under the window.As passed through the rooms I find my brother All and cousin Mustang were throwing themselves and Jumping on the mattress from one wall to the other. As I grabbed the vacuum and left my room in the corner of my affectionateness I saw my cousin Mustangs face. His face was red and he look like he was scared. Ive never in my life seen a young child scared in that way. I sensed something wrong so, I began to look for All but, there was no sight of him. All I saw was the impolite window and oddly, the screen was half ripped off. I let go of the vacuum and ran to the window.I barely saw anything, al I saw was his arm, I matte up my subject matter drop. If someone to hit me at that moment there would not have been even a single drop of blood thats how ice cold and ball over I was. As I ran refine the stairs I was at a loss for words. Without thinking I swallowed and yelledAll Fell taboo The Window Yummy . My sister summer and I said It at the same time because she was down stairs and saw him from the downstairs window. My mother was In the kitchen doing the dishes, when she heard her face changed In color and she fell to the ground In tears not knowing what to do.My Aunt quickly ran stairs to tell my uncle who has sightly entered the shower after a long hot day at work. Everyone in the house was crying as if he had died. All was in the backyard put face down on the concrete floor. No one needed to go outside and see him for the fear of him being dead. I couldnt Just sidetrack him out there so I ran out. I opened the backyard door and went next to him. I began to cry as looked at him laying there. I felt as if the world had ended. I remember telling my self Hess alive. I felt him breathing but he was unconscious.Suddenly he woke up and began to try to light p so I picked him up in my arms and opened the door. SSL entered the house his forehead and his nose began to bleed. I went towards the living room and sat on the table with All In my lap and soon he began to cry because he saw everyone crying. My mother was hysterical so I yelled at her, and told her to get a towel and wipe the blood of his face. She did that while my uncle called the ambulance and my father. Hurt? . All replied in tears and a weak voice l dont want shots I dont want shots .Through all that pain his only fear was to get shot. The police arrived and, a few seconds later the ambulance did too. They came in and wrapped All in a bed and took him. My mother went with, I wanted to go with her but the police kept asking me questions. They assumed that this had been purposely done and they wanted to handle us under surveillance. I had to tell the police everything and show them everything till they understood what happened and left. I w as alone at home with all the kids, who were up stairs hiding in my room and crying from fear that All could have been dead.I went upstairs to comfort them and to tell them that All was Okay ND to Just reserve miss for him to come home soon. After a long time of waiting impatiently my mom finally called my aunt and told her everything. My aunt looked different and her face became nauseated but she tried to act normal. When she ended the call I asked her what happened. She told me that All broke his back, neck and, cheek bone and that he might not be ever able to walk again. I began to cry then she asked me not to tell the kids or anyone. She also said that the doctors will be taking one final x-ray to decide the outcome.That night I spent it entirely making dud and exiting everyone I know to make dud and ask others to make dud. That night was extremely long, I couldnt wait till morning to hear what happened. Morning came and no one called. I sat on the couch flavour out the wind ow and Just imaging All flood tide home all better then suddenly the phone rang. My uncle this time answered and he looked knocked out(p) for some reason. I waited till he hung up and then looked at him waiting for him to say something. Then he said All is fine and is coming home tonight. I looked at him and said How? What do you mean by finer. He replied Its a miracle Interrupting him I said what is? After the second x ray the doctors found nothing broken but his wrist. No one believed it, they had five doctors come in and check. . I was amazed Allah had accepted our duds I replied. I felt that the time was going by slowly. They said theyll be here before seven but it was now seven thirty. We waited till eight and then they finally came. When I saw my brother I began to cry my aunt asked me to stop so I went to wash my face and came back down stairs and, spent time with my family. That was my worst day ever. I guess it ended up alright since my brother didnt die.

The Nature of Qualitative Studies

Merriam was required to travel across the world to Malaysia to conduct her study on how culture influences older adults and identifies the level of learning that transpire. The cost involved in Americas (2000) study was also more expensive than the study conducted by Distilled (2000), in addition, the sample size used in Americas (2000) study was more diversified. Diesels (2000) paper is oft narrower and more conceded than Americas (2000) paper. Distilled (2000) limited her study to females only, contrary to How Cultural Values Shape Learning in Older Adulthood The Case of Malaysia (2000) where twain males and females were used.Divergences. The divergences Americas (2000) credentials ar included in her paper whereas, Distilled (2000) has no mention of her level of experience or education that supports her ability to conduct a valid study on her chosen topic. Professional belles-lettres review Joined with personal experiences of the interrogationer is necessary for intricacy of t he in coifion. (Glasses, 1978). Although, Distilled (2000) did make mention that her search topic was selected because of the recommendations of former researchers. This contention al wiz gives merit to the contribution, need, and worth of research on her topic. Main Points.The main points of consensus in twain papers is that religious well-being was extremely important to both study groups. Distilled (2000) indicated that her study groups spiritual development was not constant and varied from time to time. This is understandable since our environmental changes can persuade what is important and what is not as we go through life. Methodology. Any good research undertaking starts with a topic, problem, and area of interest, as well as a paradigm. Crewel, 1998) Keeping this in mind, Merriam (2000) and Distilled (2000) both conducted their studies by using the qualitative methodology.Perhaps since both studies were based on social issues with populace from elder groups the qualita tive methodology is the best for conducting interviews and surveys. Qualitative research is a study approach that is many times directed by the human belief system. (Merriam, 2002) Merriam (2000) introduced comparisons between older adults in the Western to the Eastern parts of the world. The value from the West and the East were compared also with he Asian culture having a greater regard on being in harmony with nature, relationships and cooperation as one ricks older, somewhat different than that of Western counterparts.The Western senior citizen enjoys competition and independence as they age. Findings from other studies show Westerners are more prone to sickness and still behaviors if they loose their independence. It is natural for an American to work in his/her senior years. Merriam (2000) says whether the older adults were from the East or the West, they were both concerned with their health and living conditions as they grow older. Also, the elders in the East take pride i n being wiser with age. Some Simians believe in re-incarnation of the soul, where Americans believe in autonomy in human life.The screen background of Americas (2000) study was in Eastern Malaysia where it was found to exhaust a real diverse culture with Chinese, Indians and Malaysian. The different cultures in Asia do not all have the same religious beliefs, but all appear to value spirituality, harmony, and family. Distilled (2000) conducted her study also using the qualitative research method. She used a 4. 5 3 hour taped interview to gather data. The taped interviews were later transcribed for review and analysis. Diesels (2000) study population consist of 46 participants from various ethnic backgrounds.Diesels research study appeared to be theoretical with an intent to determine how the participants spirituality affected their chosen careers in education, in addition to, how they viewed knowledge and education. The vehicle which Distilled (2000) used for data analysis was t he constant comparative method. (Merriam, 5998). Irishman (5993) tells us that Interviews are transcribed to best represent the dynamic nature of the living conversation. Purpose and Goals. The purpose of Americas (2000) study was to stimulate more knowledgeable about the nature of how older adults in Eastern Asia gain knowledge.Merriam (2000) attempted to prove that cultural values are emotion-laden, internalized assumptions, beliefs, or standards that tell on how we interpret our life experiences. The purpose of Diesels (2000) study was to look into the spiritual development of various cultural groups of women who choose adult education for social change and, how the connexion of their career fields direct them toward emancipators adult education practices. Data Collection. Americas (2000) study was conducted using descriptive and inductive qualitative research that directed on revelation the significance of participants of the study.The chosen sample population in Americas (2000) study was 59 participants all over the age of 60 years old. Americas data was collected by one-on-one open-ended interviews in natural settings that lasted about one hour long in two different languages. Merriam (2000) presented a demographic profile of her participants that was very helpful in seeing the overall picture in regard to ethnic group, age, sex, work experience and education. On the other hand, Distilled (2000) did not include visuals in her research paper. Data analysis from Americas (2000) study was completed in accordance with the constant comparative method (Merriam, 6998).Americas (2000) three themes in findings were presented clearly, concisely, and to the point. Each theme turn to the nature of learning for older Mainstay adults. (Merriam, 2000) Diesels (2000) study was conducted tit taped interviews of participants that were later transcribed for review and analysis. The analysis of the Spiritual Development and Commitments to Emancipators Education n Wo men Adult Educators for Social Change study was presented in a narrative discussion forum with discussions describing each participants experience and character.Reported Findings. Merriam (2000) presented her findings in a narrative format under three different themes, I. E. informal and embedded in the concerns and activities of everyday life, learning is communal, and learning is driven by spiritual and/or religious concerns. Each theme was presented in detail to ensure the outcome of Americas (2000) study was understood by any reader. Diesels (2000) paper was also presented in a narrative format. I believe Diesels (2000) overall study including her conclusion is very abrupt and diminutive.Diesels (2000) findings conclude that there is a common thread between spiritual development, and Emancipators adult education efforts. Structure. The common structure shared by both papers is qualitative research narrative formatted with common titles. Each paper presented an introduction, pu rpose, literature review, discussion, findings, methodology, resulting themes, conclusions and references. Conclusion. With any good qualitative study, developing a problem statement, a purpose statement questions is important.Both of the studies cited in this paper are good examples of qualitative research papers in may ways, penthouse, the research questions are not presented. Both studies present an characteristics of a qualitative study. Bogged & Bikini (1992) says participant observation and in-depth interviewing are the about common data collection techniques. However, the problem statements from both studies are extremely vague. According to Christensen, et al. (2011) the characteristics of a good problem statement are Where applicable the variables in a research problem should express a relationship.The statement of the robber states the rationale for the study. The statement of the problem should be testable. A problem statement should communicate a reader from a common p erspective to a believed problem followed by a solution. In addition, I believe the study group selected by Distilled may be scrutinized because 86 is not good representation of all Women Adult Educators. In closing with a positive note, both Distilled (2000) and Merriam (2000) gave extension where credit was due by appropriately citing references, since any researcher knows plagiarism is unforgivable in the academic world.

Air Transportation history

Since the invention of pedigree planes few decades ago, air trip upling has fetch famous among run shortlers. When the air conveyance of title was first introduced in 1903 by the Wright Brothers, many people could not travel using it beca mathematical function it was expensive. But after few decades, technology has improved and air backward breaker is being widely used all around the world. Most of the countries has built airports and has their own airline companies. Today, due to rivalry among airline companies air travelling has become much cheaper.As a result, cheap air travelling has advantages and disadvantages for us, our country and to the world. Firstly, the main benefit of cheap air travel is that it is cheap. So it allows all the people to travel around the world. Those days only the rich people could use air travelling, but now even the ordinary people also can use it to travel, pursue their studies, do business, and go for a vacation. It is not surprising that most people wish to travel to distant land, a country far forth but travelling cost lots of m oney.So the people need to reconsider their travel plans since flight rates are way too high back then. Today, due to competition among airline companies, they are offering cheap flight rates that consumers like us could afford. It also helps maintain long distance relationship. earlier the IT technology is developed, air transportation is the only option people who live on the other end the world keep in touch with their love ones. Although cheap air travel allows everybody to travel, air planes causes air pollution and sound pollution.Since air planes burns hydrocarbon fuel, it releases nursery gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides. The greenhouse gases causes global warming and the effects of global warming is polar ice caps melting, increased probability and intensity of droughts and heat waves, warmer waters and more hurricanes, string out of diseases and economic consequence s. Air planes also causes sound pollution which effects hearing impairment, hypertension, heart diseases and annoyance sleep disturbance.Furthermore, the chances of surviving when a plane crash is spurn than any other transportation. In addition, most of the airports are build outside of the city,so once the people get off the plane, they still need to travel to construct the city. Finally, cheap air travel also saves time. Long ago people travel using horses, camels, elephants, boats and ships but it takes days to reach a place. Now, air travel helps us to reach a far place or country just in hours. Besides that, air transportation enerates almost 32 million jobs annually and contributes almost 7. 5 percents of the worlds GDP which is a huge profit. Moreover, air transportation is the fastest worldwide transport system which is one the key factor of economic growth. In conclusion, cheap air travel saves time and money for the people and increases the economic growth in our count ry although it causes air pollution. So, the government should some solution to neutralise the greenhouse gases released by planes which causes global housewarming.

Main Problems of Lexicology Essay

Lexicology is the study of expressions-their menanigs and relationships. * English vocabulary is one of the most extensive amongst the worlds lang.contains an huge number of words of forerign origin. * lexicology has to study the etymology of word,e.g.their origin, their development and function * And English is lang.which had changed a lot in a short period of time * So, lexicology has to deal with every(prenominal) the changes in grammar and the vocabulary.WHY ARE WORDS BORROWED FROM 1 LANGUAGE INTO ANOTHER 2Borrowing is a consequence of cultural contact between cardinal language communities. Borrowing of words can go in both directions between the two languages in contact, but often there is an asymmetry, such that more words go from one side to the other. In this case the source language community has some advantage of power, prestige and/or wealth that makes the objects and ideas it brings desired and useful to the borrowing language community. For example, the Germanic tri bes in the inaugural few centuries A.D. adopted numerous loanwords from Latin as they adopted advanced products via trade with the Romans. Few Germanic words, on the other hand, passed into Latin.The actual motion of borrowing is complex and involves many usage events (i.e. instances of use of the new word).Generally, some speakers of the borrowing language dwell the source language too, or at least enough of it to utilize the relevant word. They (often consciously) adopt the new word when speaking the borrowing language, because it most exactly fits the idea they be trying to express. If they are bilingualist in the source language, which is often the case, they might pronounce the words the same or similar to the fashion they are pronounced in the source language. For example, English speakers adopted the word garage from French, at depression with a pronunciation nearer to the French pronunciation than is now usually found. Pre bringably the very first speakers who used the word in English knew at least some French and heard the word used by French speakers, in a French-speaking context.PHONETIC ADJUSTMENT OF BORROWED WORDS 3Purely phonetic change involves no reshuffling of the contrasts of a phonological sy basis. All phonological systems are complex affairs with many small adjustments in phonetics depending on phonetic environment, position in the word, and so on. For the most part, phonetic changes are examples of allophonic differentiation or assimilation, that is, sounds in specific environments acquire new phonetic features or perhaps lose phonetic features they originally had.Many phonetic changes provide the raw ingredients for afterwards phonemic innovations. In Proto-Italic, for example, intervocalic */s/ became *z. This was a phonetic change, a mild and superficial complication in the phonological system only, but when this *z merged with */r/, the effect on the phonological system was greater. trans remainsation LOANS 4By translation-l oans (calques) we indicate borrowings of a special kind. They are not taken into the vocabulary of other language more or less in the same phonemic compliance in which they down been functioning in their own language, but undergo the outgrowth of translation. It is quite obvious that it is only confused words (i. e. words of two or more stems) which can be subjected to such an operation, each stem being translated separately masterpiece (from German Meisterstck), wonder child (from German Wunderkind), first dancer (from Italian prima-ballerina).ANTONYMS ACCORDING TO WORD DERIVATIONAL STRUCTURE 5Derivational antonyms.The regular type of derivational antonyms contains banish prefixes dis-, il- /im-/in-/ir and un-. otherwise negative prefixes occur in this function only occasionally. Modern English prefers to form an antonym with the prefix un- the suffix less is old and not productive anymore. In the oppositions like entrustful hopeless, useful useless the suffix less is con trasting to the suffix -ful, not to the stem (otherwise the antonyms would be hope hopeless). E.g. selfish unselfish, not selfish selfishless.Derivational antonyms may be characterised as contradictory. A pair of derivational antonyms forms a binary opposition (complementary root antonyms). E.g. logical illogical, appear disappear. Not only words, but rectify expressions as well, can be grouped into antonymic pairs. E.g. by accident on purpose.BROADENING AND NARROWING 6Broadening of marrow. This occurs when a word with a specific or limited meaning is widened. The broadening process is technically called globalization. An example of generalization is the word business, which originally meant the state of being busy, careworn, or anxious, and was broadened to encompass all kinds of work or occupations. Another example of the broadening of meaning is pipe. Its earliest recorded meaning was a musical wind instrument. Nowadays it can denote any hollow oblong cylindrical body (e . g. water pipes). This meaning developed through transference based on the similarity of shape (pipe as a musical instrument is also a hollow oblong cylindrical object) which at long last led to a considerable broadening of the range of meaning. Narrowing of meaning.This happens when a word with a general meaning is by degrees applied to something much more specific. The word litter, for example, meant originally ( in front 1300) a bed, then stepwise narrowed down to bedding, then to animals on a bedding of straw, and finally to things scattered about, odds and ends. . . . Other examples of specialization are deer, which originally had the general meaning animal, girl, which meant originally a young person, and meat, whose original meaning was food. We say that narrowing takes place when a word comes to refer to only part of the original meaning. The narrative of the word hound in English neatly illustrates this process. The word was originally pronounced hund in English, and it was the generic wine word for any kind of dog at all. This original meaning is retained, for example, in German, where the word Hund solely means dog. 7.Phraseological units are a kind of ready-made blocks which fit into the structure of a sentence perform a certain syntactical function, more or less as words do. EXP We never get the value of water till the well is dry. You can take the horse to the water, but you cannot make him drink. Those who become in glass houses shouldnt throw stones.The first distinctive feature that strikes one is the obvious structural dissimilarity. If one compares proverbs and phraseological units in the semantic aspect, the difference seems to become obvious. Proverbs could be best compared with minute fables for, like the latter, they sum up the collective experience of the community. They moralize (Hell is paved with good intentions), give advice (Dont judge a tree by its bark, give warning (If you sing before breakfast, you will cry before nigh t), admonish (Liars should have good memories) No phraseological unit ever does any of these things. They do not stem for whole statements as proverbs do but for a single concept. Their function in speech is stringently nominative (i. e. they denote an object, an act, etc.). The function of proverbs in speech, though, is communicative (i. e. they impart certain information).

Why Do I Want to Become a Teacher

All of my experience for the past 10 age since I have been in USA led me to realizing that I am passionate approximately educational activity and working with children. I migrated to this country from Slovak Republic right after graduating from Comenius University with the major in Biochemistry. Being except 22 twenty-four hourss old I wanted to experience some adventure before get the regular 9-5 job at some Research Laboratory. I signed up for a spend Program with YMCA and came to Poland, Maine as a summer camp counselor. The environment was just beautiful.These little wooden cabins determined on a beautiful Lake Sebago. Thats where my passion for working with children began. I was spending that summer with kids who were coming from small and low income families from outside of Boston. I was responsible for a group of young girls, 7-10 years old. I and the girls bonded actually quickly. Every day was different. Different fun, different drama, different atmosphere. And I loved every minute of it. I loved being creative with all kinds of activities, I loved being a leader who the girls looked up to and we had tremendous fun.I felt up like I was making a difference in those childrens lives. At least for those few summer months those girls felt safe, nurtured and cared for. And I felt fulfilled and useful. After few years working in customer service I returned back to working with children. This time I took on a nanny job. I again experienced creating a strong bond with the boys I was winning care of. Their parents were divorced and the boys were switching between the two households each week. I felt that I brought a sense of calm and peacefulness to their lives.I lead them through their homework, different projects, we did all kinds of activities but some importantly we were having good and memorable time. Once they got older and got busier with their school and afterschool activities I had more time on my hands so I took it a mistreat further an d started tutoring chemistry and science. Thats where I felt the strongest fulfillment. To see my students succeed was the biggest satisfaction and I immediately knew that I wanted to become a teacher.I think teaching is adventurous, challenging, exciting job and personally very rewarding career. Working with students, every day is different there is no room for routine or boredom. I am passionate about science and I want to share my knowledge with students. I have to say that I came a long way. It took me little longer than it takes other people to figure out what do I want to be but I feel positive and happy about my decision and cannot wait to step into a real classroom as a new teacher one day.

National Reconciliation Ordinance

On October 05, 2007, General Pervez Musharaf promulgated the NRO to give an warm ministration and forgiveness to public office holders, who were charged in corruption cases between 1986 and 1999 under denomination 5(1)(2) of (PCO) Provisional Constitutional Order. One of the most consolidate reason behind NRO was to give an immediate relief to late PPP chairperson Benazir Bhutto by giving protection in all cases registered against her by Nawaz brass . The NRO also protected our current president Mr. Asif Ali Zardari and Ms Bhutto against $60 million Swiss bribe and geneva simple money laundering cases.The case was pending in the Swiss court when General Musharaf promulgated the NRO and the government dropped all the cases in April, 2008. An accountability court also cleared Mr. Asif Ali Zardari on March 05, 2008, of vanadium corruption charges and illegal use of property under the NRO. The Supreme Court of Pakistan on December 16, 2009, stated the (NRO) National reconciliation ordinance null and void and declared that all the cases which were active at the m of promulgation of the NRO may be reopened at the point at which they were closed.A 17-members bench of the Apex court headed by the Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudry declared the NRO an instrument null and void because it violates the various constitutional provisions including obligate 4, 8 , 25 , 62 (f) and others. The presidency of Pakistan announced that the government accepts and respects the verdict of the Supreme Court. The President enjoys the protection of Article 248 (2) of the constitution. The article 248 (2) states that No criminal proceedings continued against the President or a governor in any court during his term of office.

Eagle Scout Essay

Hello everybody. To start off I would wish well to phrase thank you to everyone here for coming, because if it wasnt for all of you this day wouldnt be so special. I would like to give a special thanks to my parents for getting me involved in boy scouts, mr.mac, mr.beteyyman, mr.deangles, and all the former(a) leaders for leading my troop, and the scouts that helped me complete my bird of Jove Scout project. From the start to the end boy Scouts has shaped me as the person that I am today, and without Boy Scouts I wouldnt be the person that I am. not knowing where Scouting would lead me, I joined the troop due to many interests such as having fun. It all started when I was about 7 years old and walked into the elks lodge to have my first shock as a tiger scout. From tiger scouts on I decided that I really like the scouting experience and would continue on the whole journey. Racing boats in the rain gutter regatta, and rush cars in the pine wood derby were just a few of the events early on. Time had passed earning smash-up loops, populate some, and learning wilderness survival tips, and before I knew it Webloes 2 was completed and I had a decision to make. I decided that I would cross over to boy Scouts and shoot for the goal of my Eagle Scout. Anxiously waiting at the table for my name to called, a member from the order of the arrow dressed up as an American Indian came over to me and walked me to the front of the building and over the bridge. I was and so welcomed by the boy Scouts and given a troop 2540 handkerchief and hat. I decided that I would be one of the kids to go to all the meeting, trips, and scouting events.One of my very first memories was the camping trip to rachitis Glenn in Pennsylvania. The scenery of waterfalls and hiking through the wilderness hit me immediately that I loved the idea of camping and couldnt wait to go on the next trip. As time progressed learning how to cook, pitch tents, cast knots, first aid, and physical fitness, I was moving through the ranks very quickly. Some events such as familiarity service taught me to always give back to the community, and to take leadership roles in the troop showed me how to be a good leaders and not a follower. My intimately memorable camping trips were the 2 out of the 4 high adventure trips that I completed. The National Jamboree in Arlington Virginia celebrated the 100 years of scouting, and the most memorable part of this trip was getting Shaun Whites autograph. Hiking through the wilderness at Philmont Scout Reservation was an fearful espicially hiking up mt.baldy and catching mini bears in our bear bags topass time at camp. Boy Scouts has meant so much to me and has helped me discover what I like to do through the 27 merit badges that I pull in over the years. Getting my eagle scout was a long and memorable journey and has helped me become who I am today. Thank you

Cottle Taylor: Expanding the Oral Care Group in India Essay

In 2009, the director of the oral-c atomic number 18 merchandiseing for the India division of Cottle- Taylor, Brinda Patel, thought of the brilliant composition to expand the oral care system in India. At this time 50% of the Indian cosmos was very un raise in curing their dental consonant conundrums and did not see the need to obtain dental hygiene like toothbrushes and toothpaste. However, this did not stop Patel. She still believed that her plan would have a 20% change magnitude in toothbrush building block sales. Her plan was to reward regions that met or exceed sales objectives and to reorganize those that underperformed. Patels boss gave her two days to revise a merchandiseing plan that came close to 30% unit sales growth. Patel was determined and confident in doing so.In 2009, India was not doing so great as a country. They has about 37% of their population living below the poverty line ($1.25 U.S dollars per day) and about 78% be intimated in rural towns and village s. Many Indians cleaned their teeth with Neem twigs and didnt associate with dental healthcare at all. The Indians who live in rural towns were to a greater extent likely to refrain to these oral care products. A lot of the problem was that there were not dental technicians readily available to the Indian population at all. The dental professionals would campaign out of India for a higher pay. This caused the problem of not even being aware about the splendor of the modern health care. Cottle-Taylor in 2009 needed to bring three different selling strategies to India to become boffo and amplify sales in the oral care group segmentation, targeting and positioning. These were three very important things to intend when making this expansion into India. Segmentation is the act of dividing the target market into subsets of consumers who have the common needs and priorities and therefore implementing the strategies to target them. This was very important to Indias dental care becaus e 50% of the population was not interested in changing their dental habits at all.With segmentation, Cottle-Taylors conjunction give notice easily assess which of their products they should market to those who have never used a toothbrush before, those who use them but not as a great deal and thosewho have been development toothbrushes in the past. The company can also separate it within demographics. They can market the product to those with low incomes, those with middle incomes and products for those with higher incomes. This would help the consumers know what it is that they want and know that there is something that they can also afford. With this trade strategy, you can get the much or less profit since more(prenominal) mickle give get what they can afford. Targeting is another great marketing strategy that would be very beneficial to Cottle Indias products. Targeting is to strategically place denote to reach consumers establish on demographics, income, behaviors e tc. India needs different target audiences based on the type of product that needs to be sold to a specific region or people group. If you adapt your products to satisfy the people who are debauching them, they would more likely want to buy them. With toothbrushes, if you target them to the population of Indians that are more likely to buy them, or target this new aim to those who never used them, the different targeting ploys will definitely help gain profit.What Patel thought would be closely successful was to target more towards those who have never been exposed and those who dont use them as frequently in India, and and so eventually once they see and understand the importance they can pull ahead to the battery powered toothbrush. I believe that was the most lucrative plan for the company as well. The people who already are victimisation toothbrushes do not need as much advertising as they have already been a part of the toothbrush selling market. Positioning is the last o ne and it is the most important. You need to be very strategic in where to place your product to where it would be the most profitable. These strategies are exactly what was a part of Brinda Patels plan. She devised three different marketing/advertising plans to help increase the demand of these products. The first was to persuade consumers to brush for the first time. These advertisements would be placed and targeted in the rural regions where they were using the twig methods of dental car This type of advertising would be low income, using the 12mm budget for advertising. second she wanted to increase the incidence of brushing. It was shown that the people in India who were brushing their teeth did it very infrequently. This would be more for people who have been exposed in middle incomes.This type of marketing would be used more heavily. The last was to persuade consumers to upgrade to mid-range orpremium products. This would be targeted to people in the urban areas that had more money than those in the rural regions. Brinda Patels plan is planned out very well and is very reasonable to succeed if produced correctly. She is thinking more long term, which would benefit the company in the long run. The marketing and advertising will definitely get customers to want to buy and see the importance of the toothbrush and as they become more exposed to the possibilities they will upgrade. As Shown in exhibit 8, India is slowly but for sure working there way to improving dental health care. In 2009, 87% were buying low-end manual of arms brushes, 12.5% were buying mid-range manual and .5% were buying battery-operated. This means that they are increasing to some extent their product usage. Exhibit 9 also shows the percentage income statement from toothbrushes. Cottle India in 2009 made an 18% profit from their operations. This is definitely superlative and increasing drastically. It just depends on how you market the importance of the products that you are selling and targeting them to the right people. Even though they are not making as much money in India as they are in other regions, this start is definitely something that they can work on expanding. Income Statement for 2010RevenuesNet Income$0 follow of Goods Sold(1000*$1.00)+(50000*2.00)= $101,000(low income) (middle)ExpensesCost of toothbrush(10000*.50)+(50000*1.00)= 50,500Advertising3,000+ 9,000= 12,000Net Income Before Tax = 38,500With the plan of Brendas using only the low and middle income if they sell the get along of toothbrushes within that one year in India then they wouldmake a massive profits. Selling 1,000 low income toothbrushes and 50,000 of the middle income they would sell 101,000 dollars and adding in the costs of the toothbrushes and advertising they would make 38.5 thousand dollars their first year. Patel is curious to increasing by 3% in ad dollars sink to higher revenues and profitability. I definitely believe so. With the rate of expansion throughout India showi ng the importance of dental care, and the rate that it is currently rising at, I believe that with a 3% increase, advertisers would still buy this to come up to rise and the expansion of dental health care.In conclusion, this was a very smart deal for Cottle-Taylor Company to market towards the lower incomes. With earning the majority of dental sales in India, this partnership was a great marketing and strategic management move for their company. Because they were the first and most reliable at the country, consumers will keep relying on Cottle to go to for their dental care products. The only thing that the company needs to expand on is the amount of people who are interested in this product. If they get a more steady consumer basis, their profits will rise exponentially.

English Legal System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

English levelheaded System - Essay ExampleThus, consistency within the law is both in practice and theory, to a maximum extent is preserved and can be regarded as one of the fundamental demands of the meaning of justice, which is cover by giving equal treatment of like cases, in like manner1. UK can be verbalize to be the birth place of the efficacious concept namely discriminatory precedent or regard decisis or proportionality decidendi. Now, judicial precedent is widely followed by the common law jurisdictions around the world. The judicial precedent concept is footed upon the rule that once a court has given its verdict in a given background, the analogous verdict should be arrived at in any future litigation where the facts of the cases are alike. The judicial precedent principle is based upon the concept that if a verdict was given by a superior court, then inflict court is under obligation to follow it, whereas there is no obligation on the superior court to follow the decision given by a lower court. It is to be remembered that decision given by Lord Atkin in Donoghue v Stevenson2 in 1932 as regards to neighbor principle which has become the reference case for the cases involving negligence in the latter period3. A gullible consumer whitethorn under proper scenarios recoup damages for harm sustained by a defective production either it be car as held in Andrews v Hopkinson,4 or it whitethorn be an underclothes as held in Grant v Australian Knitting Mills.5 Likewise , the verdict given in Salomon v Salomon & Co Ltd6 also became a precedent in subsequent cases where it was held that a company is a juristic person , has separate legal entity and a company is different from its members.7 In these cases, the courts have considered merely the legal principle involved and not the particular facts of the earlier cases. Thus, the legal principle, which is known as the proportion decidendi is the crux portion of the judicial decision which is a binding p recedent.8 An obiter dictum in judicial verdict deals with observation made by a judge in the course of litigation, which is not essential for the utmost verdict and hence is not regarded as a binding precedent. For instance, in R v Howe & Bannister9, it was held by the House of Lords that defence of duress could not be extended to murder crime and this has been regarded as the ratio decidendi of the case. Further, it was observed by the House of Lords, whether the defence should be made available to those accused who engaged in an attempt of murder and observed obiter dicta that the defence of duress should not be made available to the attempt murder also10. It is to be noted that obiter dicta is also referred by other names namely persuasive precedent, which refers to the legal principles observed by the judges which just offer some elucidation on the subject. Thus, persuasive precedents may also emanate from lower courts and also from the verdicts of other jurisdiction11. In R v Gotts12 , the House of Lords was of the notion that justification under duress cannot be extended for